[Expert Solution]: Percutaneous: Image-guided procedures (eg,…

Percutaneous: Image-guided procedures (eg, computer tomography [CT] or fluoroscopy) performed with indirect visualization of the spine without the use of any device that allows visualization through a surgical incision. Endoscopic: Spinal procedures performed with continuous direct visualization of the spine through an endoscope. Open: Spinal procedures performed with continuous direct visualization of the spine through a surgical opening. Indirect visualization: Image-guided (eg, CT or fluoroscopy), not light-based visualization. Direct visualization: Light-based visualization; can be performed by eye, or with surgical loupes, microscope, or endoscope. Compare and contrast the terms injection, drainage, and aspiration. Compare and contrast the terms percutaneous, endoscopic, and open procedures. What is the difference between direct and indirect visualization?